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Betting on sport is huge business.
Sport England approximates the value of spending on sport-related gambling in England grew from ₤ 1.7 bn in 1985 to ₤ 2.8 bn in 2008.
Which figure is likely to have actually grown further, with an approximated ₤ 1bn bet on the World Cup alone in the UK this summertime.
Meanwhile, German research study company Sport & Markt approximates the total worldwide gambling market will be worth 263bn euros (₤ 220bn) by 2012, with much of that driven by internet and sports gaming.
But when the integrity of events are hit the gaming market suffers, and revenues are put under risk if clients can not wager with self-confidence.
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And there can have been couple of higher-profile sport wagering stories than those impacting cricket and snooker this year.
High-profile
As Sport & Markt's Gareth Moore observes: "Everyone discuss the sports betting market now.
"Not just is it a significant market in world service, it is one that is now on the front pages of papers."
Four Pakistan cricketers have actually been questioned by authorities over spot-fixing claims relating to a test versus England at Lord's last month.
Three of these gamers have stated they will likewise challenge the corruption charges installed against the trio by the sport governing body the International Cricket Council.
Meanwhile, three-times snooker world champ John Higgins was cleared of match-fixing accusations, however was prohibited recently for six months for failing to report the unlawful method to him to throw frames.
There are also two other continuing investigations - unrelated to Mr Higgins - into snooker.
'Honest'
David O'Reilly is legal counsel for Betfair, among the UK's biggest online sporting exchanges.
"If the sport is viewed as truthful, straight and fair that benefits wagering firms because people will invest cash betting with confidence," he says.
"If you take the Pakistan allegations, although unrelated to the UK controlled wagering market ... it is not actually a favorable story for wagering in the UK.
"That is because the understanding is that 'cricket is now something we might need to beware about'."
'Education'
So what can be done to prevent future scandals?
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According to professionals at a World Sports Law Report conference into sports betting, the focus needs to be on sportspersons and sportswomen.
As Simon Taylor of the Professional Players' Federation mentions: "The only people who can repair a match are the rivals or the referee."
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His organisation represents guys and women in 15 sports in the UK, being an umbrella organisation for all player organisations, such as the Professional Footballers' Association.
He thinks that it is not enough to simply have deterrents, sanctions and disciplinary procedures, however that the way to deal with prospective problems around players is also through education.
Mr Taylor states rules require to be explained plainly to gamers with clear examples, and by people they respect.
"Through educating players about sports wagering you reinforce integrity and that remains in everybody's interest," he includes.
"If players are more difficult to corrupt then sport will be harder to corrupt."
'Brand damage'
Matt Johnson, head of regulatory legal advice at the Football Association, agrees.
"Prevention is much better than treatment, and we likewise make a point of informing gamers 'you are going to be captured'."
"It is imperative that sport is straight, and is seen to be straight," he includes.
"If it loses that then people don't desire to wager, that is not in betting companies' interests, and it is not in our interests."
He said that as soon as a great reputation was lost, the damage to a sport was "enormous".
FA rules imply players are not enabled to bank on a competition in which they are included.
Mr Johnson says players have actually to be seen not to be capitalizing any inside knowledge, which he states could cause "brand name damage" to football and its competitions.
So, even a 2nd Division player knocked out of the FA Cup in the fall can not bet on a Manchester United v Chelsea cup last the following spring.
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"We have to get over to gamers the reputational risk to the game," he states. "Once self-confidence has actually been damaged it is difficult to get it back - mud sticks."
'Overwhelmingly legal'
If this represents the "carrot" approach, then maybe Nick Tofiluk, director of policy at the Gambling Commission, represents the "stick".
The Gambling Commission was established under the Gambling Act 2005 to manage commercial gaming in Great Britain.
An ex-chief constable of West Midlands police, Mr Tofiluk has responsibility for policing all betting in the UK apart from spread betting, which is the remit of the FSA.
"The frustrating majority of sports wagering taking place through UK operators is legal and reasonable," he states.
"But for some there is the temptation to ... corruptly hinder the outcome of a sporting occasion.
"Such cheating has the prospective to undermine the stability of a sport, and it also harms the business interests of sports bodies and sports wagering."
The commission has established an internal Sports Betting Intelligence Unit to receive and disseminate info to sporting authorities, betting companies and policing authorities.
"Since 2007 we have actually experienced a considerable insight into world of corrupt sports wagering," he says.
"We will inform sports of our issues, to help avoid or cut [unlawful] activity"
In May 2010, the commission likewise presented a private telephone hotline for those with information or suspicions.
'Vulnerabilities'
But in a two-and-a-half year duration there has actually been simply one criminal prosecution, a 24-year-old guy who was warned for unfaithful in relation to greyhound racing.
However, Mr Tofiluk states there are still 8 continuous investigations, and that much beneficial information has actually also been passed to sports authorities.
He said that where an investigation by a sport governing body was quicker, and more expense efficient, then the commission would consider terminating a criminal investigation "in favour of letting sports governing bodies take the lead".
Meanwhile, he says much of those aiming to cheat the sports betting industry were knowledgeable about sports and sporting people, and about wagering operations and the movement of money.
"They seek out the vulnerabilities of these to help in their business."
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